Phytosterol supplementation in capsules or tablets as adjunctive treatment for hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The exploration of lipid-lowering resources, such as phytosterols, for the complementary nutritional treatment of hypercholesterolemia is relevant to reduce cardiovascular risk. The use of phytosterols in capsules or tablets can bring advantages in the context of diet therapy, but such format is still less studied when compared to fortified foods. OBJECTIVE: Systematically review randomized clinical trials on the effects of phytosterol supplementation, in capsules or tablets, on the lipid profile and its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in adults. DESIGN: A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, with a PROSPERO protocol registered under number CRD42021249539. The process was conducted by two independent reviewers. Only randomized clinical trials with phytosterol supplementation in adult individuals with hypercholesterolemia were included. The terms were searched in the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science, without restriction of time and language. The manual search was also performed through the list of references of articles included in this review. RESULTS: The searches resulted in 977 articles. 22 articles were selected, whose full text was read, and according to the eligibility criteria 10 were incorporated into the review. The studies were separated into groups according to the association of the intervention with changes in lifestyle and the characteristics extracted from the studies were summarized and displayed in tables. Most studies have revealed a positive association between phytosterol supplementation and cholesterol reduction, despite the short duration of interventions. CONCLUSION: The analyzed studies showed that phytosterol supplements can be useful to modulate the lipid profile, helping to reduce the plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol. However, more research with the aforementioned supplementation in such pharmaceutical formats should be encouraged.

Atualização: Sarcopenia / Update: Sarcopenia

OBJETIVO: Fazer uma atualização da revisão de literatura sobre sarcopenia publicada em 2014 nesta revista. De acordo com o Consenso do Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2), a sarcopenia foi redefinida como uma doença muscular, caracterizada pela redução da força muscular, associada à diminuição da qualidade/quantidade muscular e/ou desempenho físico, sendo classificada como primária, secundária, aguda e crônica. Além de consequências físicas como aumento da ocorrência de quedas e limitação para atividades cotidianas, pode promover alterações sistêmicas pelo desequilíbrio entre síntese e degradação proteica. A prevalência aumenta com a idade, sendo mais alta a partir de 60 anos. Estudos em seis países encontraram prevalência entre 4,6% e 22,1%, havendo oscilação de valores conforme definições utilizadas, métodos diagnósticos e os pontos de corte para índice de massa muscular (IMM). Como estratégia para refinar a detecção do risco da sarcopenia, o EWGSOP2 sugere aplicação do questionário SARC-F. Para mensuração da variável massa muscular, os métodos recomendados são Ressonância Magnética, Tomografia Computadorizada, Absorciometria de Raio-X de Dupla Energia, Bioimpedância Elétrica e Antropometria, existindo acurácias e custos variáveis entre eles. Na aferição da força muscular, a principal forma de mensuração é a força de preensão palmar. Já o desempenho físico pode ser quantificado através do teste de velocidade de marcha de quatro metros. As formas de tratamento são treino de exercícios de resistência progressiva e aeróbicos, além de uma nutrição adequada. O estilo de vida sedentário, obesidade e fragilidade são fatores desencadeantes de perda de massa e função muscular no ambiente clínico.

OBJECTIVES: To update on a sarcopenia literature review published in 2014 in this journal. According to the Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People Consensus (EWGSOP2), sarcopenia was redefined as a muscular disease, characterized by muscular strength reduction, associated with a diminished muscular quantity and /or quality and /or low physical performance, being stratified as primary, secondary acute and chronic. Beyond physical consequences as a fall risk and daily activities, sarcopenia can promote a dysbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Sarcopenia prevalence is higher with increasing age, especially after 60 years. Studies in six countries had found sarcopenia prevalence between 4.6% and 22.1%, but differences between definitions, diagnostic methods, and cutoff points to evaluate muscle mass and function are found. To improve sarcopenia risk detection, EWGSOP2 suggests the use of the SARC-F questionnaire. Muscle mass measurement recommended methods are Magnet Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, Double Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Electric Bioimpedance, and Anthropometry with variable accuracy and costs between these methods. To evaluate muscle strength, the handgrip strength test is the main method recommended. In addition, four Meter Gait speed is recommended to evaluate physical performance. Treatment options are progressive exercise, endurance training, and aerobic exercises, together with nutritional interventions. Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and frailty are the main risks factors associated with muscle mass and function losses in the clinical setting

Risco nutricional pelo método Nutritional Risk Screening - 2002 de pacientes no pré-operatório em um hospital geral público da cidade de Salvador-BA / Nutritional risk by Method Nutritional Risk Screening - 2002 of patients in preoperative in a public hospital In Salvador city - Bahia

Introdução: A desnutrição é um fator de risco de complicações pós-operatórias. Assim, este estudo objetiva identificar o risco nutricional, com o uso de um método de triagem nutricional, de pacientes internados em enfermaria cirúrgica no pré-operatório, em um hospital geral público, da cidade do Salvador, BA. Método: Estudo transversal. Foram coletados dados dos pacientes admitidos, no período de março a julho de 2013, referentes ao sexo, idade, diagnóstico cirúrgico, peso, altura e classificação do Nutritional Risk Screening - 2002. Utilizou-se o índice de massa corporal para determinar a prevalência de desnutrição conforme estratificação proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, para adultos, e a proposta por Lipschitz, para idosos. Usou-se o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences versão 17.0.0 para análises estatísticas e o teste Qui-Quadrado, sendo significante quando p<0,05. Resultados: Foram incluídos 180 pacientes, idade média de 53±16,00 anos, sendo a maioria (58,9%) do gênero feminino e 28,9% desnutridos. A prevalência geral de risco nutricional foi de 46,1%. O sexo masculino apresentou maior prevalência de risco nutricional (62,2%), assim como os idosos (50,8%) e os pacientes oncológicos (71,3%) (p<0,001 entre os grupos). Conclusões: Não foi detectada prevalência de desnutrição. O risco nutricional foi prevalente em aproximadamente metade da amostra. Estiveram relacionados ao maior risco nutricional: gênero masculino, idade avançada e cirurgias oncológicas. Os dados encontrados confirmam a necessidade de investigação da condição nutricional no pré-operatório, colaborando para intervenção nutricional adequada, melhores desfechos clínicos e redução dos custos hospitalares.(AU)

Introduction: Malnutrition is a risk factor complications postoperative. Thus, this study aims to identify nutritional risk according to a nutritional screening method, of patients admitted to surgical ward in the preoperative period, in a general hospital in the city of Salvador, BA. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from patients admitted, during the period from March to July 2013, on gender, age, surgical diagnosis, anthropometric measures (weight and height) and classification Nutritional Risk Screening - 2002. Body Mass Index was used to determine the prevalence of malnutrition as stratification proposed by the World Health Organization for adults and the proposal by Lipschitz for the elderly. Statistics analyses were performed with the aid of the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17.0, using the Chi Square test. Statistical significance is reported for p<0.05. Results: The study included 180 patients, with a mean age of 53.0±16.0 years, the majority (58.9%) was female and 28.9% malnourished. The general prevalence of nutritional risk was 46.1%. Males had greater prevalence of nutritional risk (62.2%), as well as elderly (50.8%) and cancer patients (71.3%) (p<0.001 among groups). Conclusions: Prevalence of malnutrition was not detected. Nutritional risk was prevalent in approximately half of the studied sample. Related to higher nutritional risk were males, aging and cancer surgery. The data found confirm the need to research the nutritional status in the preoperative period, contributing to appropriate nutritional intervention, improved clinical outcomes and reduce hospital costs.(AU)